6月9日，历史性时刻来临。
萨尔瓦多以“绝对多数”投票赞成正式通过法案，使比特币在该国成为法定货币，这意味着萨尔瓦多成为了史上第一个正式将比特币定为法定货币的国家。
总统纳伊布·布克尔（Nayib Bukele）发布的法案文件显示，该法案旨在让比特币成为一种具备解放力量的不受限制的法定货币，未来可自由交易。
文件指出，比特币兑美元汇率将由市场决定。比特币可用于支付，可用于缴税，比特币交易所将和法币交易所一样不必支付资本利得税。任何商品或服务提供商不得拒收比特币。民众将可在比特币和美元之间自由兑换。国家将提供必要培训与机制，降低民众交易比特币的门槛。
布克尔透露，萨尔瓦多将为投资 3 个比特币的移民授予永久居留权。同时，政府将为公民推出一个比特币钱包，并运行一个持有 1.5 亿美元比特币的信托基金以抵消比特币波动性，从而确保商家不必承担风险。
萨尔瓦多究竟是一个怎样的国家，为何选择成为第一个吃比特币螃蟹的国家，并快速通过法案，其中有何玄机？
神奇的萨尔瓦多
狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗才是新闻。
在萨尔瓦多，发生谋杀案不是新闻，没有谋杀案才是新闻。
2017年1月的一个星期三，萨尔瓦多警方兴奋地表示，该国曾经有24小时没有发生谋杀案，这在萨尔瓦多十分罕见。
根据联合国资料，萨尔瓦多是全世界谋杀案犯罪率最高的国家之一。
萨尔瓦多是一个位于中美洲北部的沿海国家，截至2019年，萨尔瓦多人口约为670万，GDP267.5亿美元，工农业经济基础较为薄弱。
作为一个以美元现金为主的经济体，萨尔瓦多大约70%的人没有银行账户或信用卡。
和大多数中美洲落后国家一样，萨尔瓦多的经济严重依赖移民汇款，移民汇回本国的钱占萨尔瓦多国内生产总值的20%以上。
据此前媒体报道，有超过200万萨尔瓦多人生活在国外，定期给家里人汇款，每年侨汇40多亿美元。
然而，在萨尔瓦多，转账也是一件奢侈的事情，国际转账通常收取10%以上的费用，并且有的需要几天时间才能到达。
在这一背景下，比特币就为萨尔瓦多人提供一种在汇款回乡时，更加便捷且可以避免高昂服务费的途径。对于没有银行账户的低收入群体而言，一个钱包足以，更加便利，成本也更低。
比特币不再只是单纯的炒作标的，而是成为一种低成本的金融基础设施，融入到了萨尔瓦多居民的生活之中。
然而比特币转账效率极低，TPS（每秒处理交易数量）只有7，如何用于日常支付需求？
闪电网络（Lightning Network）是面向比特币网络的第二层支付协议，可以让交易变得更快。
闪电网络的主要思路是将大量交易放到比特币区块链之外进行。闪电网络通过智能合约来完善链下的交易渠道。在整个交易中，智能合约起到了中介的重要角色，而区块链则确保最终的交易结果被确认。
Strike则是Jack Maller推出的一款Venmo式支付应用，使用闪电网络结算美元或者其他法币。
此前，萨尔瓦多总统纳伊布·布克尔（Nayib Bukele）宣布萨尔瓦多与数字货币钱包公司Strike建立合作伙伴关系，以使用比特币技术建设该国的现代金融基础设施。
因此，闪电网络和Strike也成为了幕后赢家。
布克尔，小川普
金融基础设施落后的国家众多，为什么偏偏是萨尔瓦多成为了第一个吃螃蟹的国家，并且快速且顺利地通过了法案？
所有的外部因素都是锦上添花，真正的原因只有一个：比特币爱好者，萨尔瓦多总统纳伊布·布克尔愿意如此。
纳伊布·布克尔是一个雷厉风行，说到做到的人，之前为了让国会批准贷款，让武装部队闯入议会，让比特币成为法定货币，自然也不在话下。
布克尔自诩为“地球上最时髦和最英俊的总统”，常常语出惊人，喜欢“推特治国”，这时候你想到了谁？
是的，那个男人，Mr．川普。布克尔是川普的铁杆粉丝，曾在新冠疫情期间大力推荐特朗普的羟氯喹疗法。不过，川普却在最近公开称比特币是一场骗局。
1981年，布克尔出生于萨尔瓦多广告业巨头家族，长大后，怀揣社会理想的布克尔加入前左翼游击队政党——“法拉本多·马蒂民族解放阵线”，却因政治野心过于张扬被驱逐出党，从此布克尔对传统政党心灰意冷，与之彻底决裂，并渴望改变。
2015年，布克尔当选圣萨尔瓦多市市长。2017年，布克尔自立门户，“新思想”党诞生。
2019年，布克尔挑战总统大选，成为萨尔瓦多史上第一位不是来自两大主要政党的总统。
在作风上，布克尔和川普类似，南美洲懂王，自封为“弥赛亚之神”和“人民的救星”。
川普执政期间，布克尔算是铁杆粉丝，连就任总统演讲的地点也从国内转移到了美国极右保守智库传统基金会，和川普政府关系保持着良好的关系。
不过，随着川普下台，一切都变了。
拜登上台后，布克尔仍旧希望与美国政府搞好关系。今年2月布克尔专程前往华盛顿进行拜访，但遭遇了闭门羹，未能与任何政府成员会面。
在拜登政府眼中，布克尔就是一个BAD BOY。
去年，布克尔为寻求国民议会批准一项贷款，派遣武装部队闯入议会；萨尔瓦多会计法院在一份报告中指出，政府分发的新冠肺炎补助金中有大笔款项流向了数万个未知账户……
拜登的拉丁美洲事务高级顾问胡安·冈萨雷斯直接表明与布克尔政府存在分歧，坦言萨尔瓦多将有可能滑向洪都拉斯和危地马拉等国的威权模式。
6月3日，萨尔瓦多国会通过了一项立法，改变了中央银行七人委员会两名成员的提名方式，剥夺了萨尔瓦多私营部门游说团体先前拥有的提名央行董事会成员的权力，总统布克尔还扩大了解雇央行董事会成员的理由。
2020年，萨尔瓦多祸不单行，遭遇新冠疫情和飓风灾害的双重夹击，经济萎缩幅度高达9%，190万人陷入贫困，贫困率攀升至30%，公共债务激增至国内生产总值的90%。
与此同时，布克尔的支持率却一路走高，一度达到历史峰值。
民粹主义将布克尔捧得很高，可一旦摔下，将会是万丈深渊，布克尔不得不竭尽全力，讨好民众，无论是与黑帮合作，还是赐予比特币法定货币地位，吸引加密大佬投资，或许初心都是为了让这个脆弱的国家变得好一点。
不改美元地位
萨尔瓦多正式通过比特币成为法定货币的法案后，大家的日常交易都用比特币吗？那岂不是价值波动较大会导致物价剧烈波动？
这个问题倒不用担心，即使被拜登政府抛弃，萨尔瓦多依然是美元的主要货币，比特币更多是一个备用项或者说象征符号。
2001年1月1日，当时的萨尔瓦多总统佛洛瑞斯所领导的政府，透过所谓的货币整合法开始实施美元化政策，以美元为会计单位，并开放欧元与日元等强势货币的交易。
尽管货币整合法允许同时使用“科郎”，并固定与美元的兑换率为8.75科郎兑换1美元，但是实际上国内各大银行都被告知保留美元，让本国家的科郎在市面上不再流通。
萨尔瓦多时任政府声称，美元化产生很多好处，例如已经避免了货币的贬值以及降低了银行贷款利息。
但问题随之而来，萨尔瓦多成为了美国的“附属国家”，“美国痕迹”遍布大街小巷：麦当劳、必胜客等美式快餐厅随处可见，冰激凌品牌取名“波士顿”，卖中国制造平价服装的地方叫“美国俱乐部”。
当地中央银行没有独立的货币政策进行宏观调控，一切都看美联储的脸色。
此后，缺乏独立货币政策，经济美元化，渐渐造成萨尔瓦多债务高筑，生活费用飞涨，主要靠移居海外者汇回家的外汇支撑经济。
疫情之后，美联储大放水，天量超发美元，萨尔瓦多却只能被动承受一切。
如今，虽然也成为了法定货币，比特币还无法挑战美元在萨尔瓦多的霸主地位。
萨尔瓦多商业与工业部长Miguel Kattan表示，萨尔瓦多无意通过比特币来实现去美元化，比特币只能以与美元相关的方式存在。
总统纳伊布·布克尔也表示，比特币不会取代美元。
和所有信仰天主教的中南美洲的国家一样，萨尔瓦多的终极困境在于，“离上帝太远，离美国太近”。
美国和美元，是他们向往的天堂，也是摧毁其国家的地狱。
萨尔瓦多（El Salvador）在西班牙语中的意思是，救世主。
比特币会是萨尔瓦多的救世主还是撒旦，一切交给时间去证明。
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