
纽约联储最新报告预计,系统公开市场账户(SOMA)规模可能会通过持续的资产购买而扩大,到2023年达到9万亿美元,占美国GDP的39%,此后到2029年左右随着货币政策正常化,可能保持在9万亿,也可能降至6.6万亿美元。
5月24日周一,负责管理美联储公开市场操作账户(SOMA)的纽约联储发布了2020年度公开市场操作报告。
由于美联储资产负债表的资产端中,SOMA持有的证券资产占主导地位,SOMA中又包含美联储实施非常规货币政策期间流转的美国国债、抵押支持债券(MBS)等资产,该账户信息备受关注。
年度报告中提供的SOMA组合规模预测,可被视为美联储资产负债表变动的重要线索,也是特殊时期执行的量宽买债QE政策发展信号(即是否以及何时缩表等)。
报告预计美联储买债或持续至2022年底,令SOMA资产规模达9万亿美元峰值
报告称,疫情期间,由于制定货币政策的美联储FOMC委员会指导进行资产购买,SOMA资产组合在2020年大幅增长,购买资产目的是支持市场运作并促进宽松的金融状况。
报告提供的预测很大程度上反映了市场参与者的预期,并基于纽约联储对主要交易商和市场参与者的问卷调查,和用于代表美联储负债演变的简单规则。原文还写道:
“未来几年,SOMA资产组合的规模以及整体美联储资产负债表的规模,将主要由FOMC关于量宽买债和再投资政策来决定。
FOMC委员会提供了有关资产购买基于结果的前瞻指引,美联储资产负债表的规模将随着经济状况及其朝着FOMC双重目标的进展而变化。因此,资产负债表的前景仍然不确定。
在预测中,SOMA资产组合可能会通过不断进行的资产购买而增长,到2022年底达到9万亿美元峰值,占美国GDP的39%。
在此之后到2029年,随着FOMC开展货币政策正常化,SOMA资产组合的规模可能保持在9万亿美元,也可能减少至6.6万亿美元。
美联储资产负债表中负债端的准备金余额预计在2022年底达到6.2万亿美元峰值。此后,由于通过重新投资使SOMA资产组合保持不变,准备金余额开始稳步下降,非准备金负债相应增长。”
市场参与者认为今年保持当前速度购债,2022年底时美联储买债规模降至零
报告预计SOMA组合按照四个阶段来发展:增长、再投资、正常化和有机增长。对“增长”阶段资产购买规模和构成的假设,以及“再投资”阶段最短时长的假设是基于调查的中位数得出:
“市场参与者目前认为,在2021年底之前,美联储对美债和机构MBS的购买将继续保持当前每月1200亿美元速度,然后在2022年底时逐步减少到零。
问卷调查答复称,再投资阶段是美债和机构MBS的到期本金全部重新投资到相应的美债和机构MBS中,预计这个阶段会在2025年第四季度结束。
FOMC委员会尚未就长期资产负债表的规模和构成提供前瞻指引。在报告对货币政策正常化期间SOMA组合的多种预测中,区间这端的假设是到期本金继续被完全重新投资,准备金水平的正常化通过非准备金负债的增长而发生。
而区间另一端的假设是在2025年之后到期本金不再被重新投资,以使SOMA资产组合和准备金余额达到长期目标水平。在整个假设区间内,可能会采取逐步减少到期本金再投资的方式。”
而对美联储资产端的分析不仅要看其规模绝对值,还要追踪SOMA投资组合中资产的久期,因为SOMA参与市场交易后将影响相关的资产表现。本份报告称:
“因在‘增长’阶段资产购买的组成大致保持不变,并且到期本金被重新再投资到类似证券中,因此,预计到2025年SOMA资产组合的构成保持稳定,其中约70%是美国国债,约30%是MBS。
此后,SOMA资产组合的构成将取决于FOMC货币政策正常化的方法和机构MBS的支付速度。有一种假设显示,一旦达到长期准备金水平,投资组合将通过只购买美国国债而恢复增长,MBS在投资组合中所占的份额将下降。”
值得注意的是,美联储调查还显示,基线场景下,市场对有效联邦基金利率(美国基准利率)的中位数预期是在2023年第三季度之前保持稳定在0.125%,到2026年底升至略超2%,在长期达到2.25%。长期中,10年期美债收益率和30年期主要抵押贷款固定利率分别升至2.5%和4.1%。

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