主持人孙华：5月7日，2021年4月下旬流通领域重要生产资料市场价格变动数据和2021年1月份至3月份我国服务贸易总体数据出炉，总体来看，我国经济持续稳定恢复，开局良好。今日本报围绕大宗商品的价格变动情况和服务贸易进出口数据采访专家学者做进一步解读。
5月7日，国家统计局发布数据显示，据对全国流通领域9大类50种重要生产资料市场价格的监测显示，2021年4月下旬与4月中旬相比，螺纹钢、电解铜、苯乙烯、汽油、焦炭、豆粕、农药、天然橡胶等34种产品价格上涨，12种下降，4种持平。专家表示，受到供给端收缩影响而大幅涨价的大宗商品短期内仍将趋势性上涨，建议更多通过增加供给的方式对冲。
多因素推动涨价
今年以来，煤炭、钢铁、有色、石化等行业的主要产品价格延续去年年底上涨的态势，呈现快速上涨趋势。国家统计局数据显示，4月下旬与4月中旬相比，价格涨幅最高的是焦炭（二级冶金焦），每吨涨176.7元，上涨9.1%；其次是苯乙烯（一级品），每吨涨791.3元，上涨8.5%。
粤开证券研究院副院长、首席宏观分析师罗志恒对《证券日报》记者表示，虽然本轮国内大宗商品上涨受到流动性充裕和需求复苏的推动，但年初以来大宗商品持续暴涨的根本原因在于供给端的收缩。
“具体来看，一是疫情长尾效应直接冲击生产及运输，如近期智利、巴西、印度疫情反复，一方面使得全球交通航运持续受到干扰。另一方面对全球大宗商品产生供给冲击，并使得大宗商品价格对需求的变动更为敏感；二是国内为落实‘碳达峰、碳中和’承诺以及执行环保要求，钢铁等高耗能、高碳排放量的行业开启去产能‘回头看’，执行态度及力度都相对较强，工信部提出今年钢铁产量要负增长；三是全球经贸再平衡加剧大宗商品上涨的复杂性。2020年受疫情冲击以及全球性贸易摩擦引发各国对产业链安全性的重视，各国正出台各类政策加速产业回流、限制原材料出口，进一步扰动全球生产的恢复。”罗志恒说。
北京师范大学政府管理研究院副院长、产业经济研究中心主任宋向清对《证券日报》记者表示，目前，中国工业生产迅速回复，工业产能得以集中释放，导致原料供应与需求之间产生短暂失衡，进而形成上游原材料成本上涨，推动了大宗商品价格普涨现象。另外，由于大宗商品具有金融属性，而目前宽松的货币政策、全球经济预期向好等因素为金融市场利用期货交易进行炒作提供了温床，这也是大宗商品价格上涨的原因之一。
相关上市公司受益
随着大宗商品价格上涨，相关上市公司受益。如，首钢股份一季报显示，报告期内公司实现营业收入同比增长69.36%，归属于上市公司股东的净利润同比增长428.16%。公司称主要受钢材价格上涨所致。
宋向清认为，大宗商品价格上涨，受益的上市公司主要是资源类上游企业，即大宗商品生产和运行类企业，这类企业因大宗商品价格上升，利润空间增加。但是多数实体经济因为大宗商品价格上涨，成本将会增加，从而压缩利润空间。
谈及大宗商品价格走高对A股市场的影响，罗志恒认为，历史上股市均先于大宗商品6个月至8个月开启上涨周期，同时领先于大宗商品见顶回落，因此，在大宗商品价格上涨时期表现为先涨后跌。具体分行业看，采掘、有色金属、钢铁等与大宗商品价格上涨直接相关的行业涨幅较高，同时受利率边际上行影响，银行板块涨幅也位居前列。
“近期大宗商品价格走高，预计A股将进入震荡阶段。伴随全球流动性见顶，利率中枢缓慢抬升，利空前期高估值抱团股票，股价更多的是盈利分子端与利率分母端赛跑。预计采掘、有色金属、钢铁、银行等顺周期、低估值板块跑赢大盘。”罗志恒说。
价格全面持续上涨动能不足
“总体来看，大宗商品牛市尚未结束，但大宗商品价格全面持续上涨动能有限，不同品种走势将分化。”罗志恒说，前期受到流动性推动的部分大宗商品上涨动能有限，受到供给端收缩影响，而大幅涨价的大宗商品短期内仍将趋势性上涨，但斜率或将放缓。
宋向清表示，由于疫情在全球范围内并没有完全得到遏制，世界经济复苏还存在不确定性，大宗商品供需两端失衡状态的修复和调整仍具有较大变数，大宗商品价格持续上涨的基础和动能不足，预计这轮上涨不具有长期性和可持续性，且其维持上升状态的长短，会随主要经济体财政对实体经济扶持的强度变化而出现震荡和反复。
罗志恒认为，稳定大宗商品价格要保持政策的连续性和稳定性，应该更多地通过增加供给的方式避免大宗商品持续上涨挤压制造业利润以及滞胀风险。建议通过技术进步、大力发展低碳产业，有序地、可持续地替换高碳产业。同时，可通过大幅增加进口、降低进口税等方式增加国内大宗商品供给。此外，从短期来看，应加快兼并重组以提高钢铁行业集中度、组建采购联盟提高议价能力、提高废钢利用比例增加国内供应。从长期来看，需要在海外建立长期高效的稳定铁矿(1238, 32.00, 2.65%)石基地，增加权益矿对华供应，改变当前部分国家垄断铁矿石供应的格局。
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