这一情况在未来或诱发“布雷顿森林体系崩溃”式局面

2021年04月12日 9394点热度 0人点赞 1,656条评论

每日经济新闻

● 拜登政府推行的2万亿美元基建计划,方向没有太大问题,问题是,在执行过程中是否会过度?

● 未来要实现高债务下的金融稳定,对各国央行的货币政策制定都会带来很大的掣肘。

每经记者 张卓青    每经编辑 易启江

为了应对新冠疫情对经济造成的冲击,从去年3月起,美联储便采取了极度宽松的货币政策。美国作为全球最大经济体,其本国的经济、货币政策影响外溢到国际市场,实际上对国际市场产生了很大影响。

当我们回顾2008年金融危机的历史时,也可以发现,这场危机从一开始美国国内的次债危机,最后演变成了全球性的金融危机,席卷各国。随后,美联储采取的量化宽松政策,给全球经济留下不少后遗症,比如债务集聚以及资产泡沫等。

那么,目前美联储超宽松货币政策所产生的溢出效应,是否也会对未来全球经济埋下一个大雷?比如,通胀上行、债务积累等等。这种情况下,对中国这样的新兴经济体,会不会带来负面影响?我们该采取怎样的应对办法,来减少重要经济体国内的货币及经济政策溢出效应所带来的负面影响?

在4月10日,由清华大学五道口金融学院主办的清华五道口首席经济学家论坛上,摩根大通中国首席经济学家朱海斌对于《每日经济新闻》记者提出的以上问题进行了回应。

这一情况在未来或诱发“布雷顿森林体系崩溃”式局面

拜登政府刺激政策,在执行过程中会否过度?

朱海斌认为,中美两个大国在面对新冠疫情冲击时,所采取的应对政策与2008年金融危机时采取的政策正好是相反的,两国之间似乎实现了一种位置互换。

他继续讲道:“在新冠疫情这一轮危机来临之后,中国采取的刺激政策其实是非常克制的。事实上,中国也是第一个正在逐步退出疫情刺激政策的国家,今年的宏观和货币政策会逐步回归正常化。”

反观美国,吸取了2008年政策推出过慢过缓的教训,所以在去年出现公共疫情危机之后,美国的政策反应速度非常快,且(操作总量)上也是非常大的。

他表示,今天大家也讨论了很多关于美联储的超宽松货币政策什么时候会退出、什么时候开始加息等。

近期,拜登政府出台了1.9万亿美元财政刺激政策,随后计划推出2万亿美元的基建计划,对于如此大规模的刺激计划,朱海斌认为是有其合理性的。

他的观点是:美国的经济还没有回到正常状态,目前还有大概八百万的失业人口,在此前提下,美国政府再进一步推出持续的刺激,是一个合理的政策选择。

“政策整个方向是没有太大问题的,但是,是不是在执行过程中会有些过度?以后会导致一些问题。”他说道。

这一担忧,未来或诱发“布雷顿森林体系崩溃”式局面

针对拜登政府公布的2万亿美元基建计划后续可能会带来的问题,朱海斌抛出了自己的疑问:2万多亿的基建投资到底需要采取何种方式来融资?到底是由财政赤字,也就是发行更多的国债,还是通过加税的方式(来融资)?

如果是发行国债的话,那么美国财政的可持续性将会面临很大问题。那就是:当对于美国国债可持续性的担忧累积到一定程度之后,不仅会反映在全球金融市场,甚至在未来的10-15年,有可能会诱发类似于布雷顿森林体系在1973年崩溃那样的局面,也就是说,国际货币体系的一个重新洗牌和重组。(注:布雷顿森林体系,指二战后以美元为中心、美元与黄金挂钩的国际货币体系。)

朱海斌强调,这个风险是不能忽视的,尤其考虑到在疫情之后,不仅是美国,主要的欧洲国家、新兴市场国家都出台了非常大的经济刺激计划。他援引国际货币基金组织(IMF)的数据,去年全球平均的债务GDP比例增长了35个百分点,摩根大通估计的数据也与IMF相近。

在这种情况下,未来既想要达到经济平衡又能实现去杠杆,几乎是一个不可能的任务。所以在未来,高债务是毫无疑问的,那么其实在高债务下的金融稳定,不论对美联储还是各个国家央行的货币政策制定,其实都会带来很大的掣肘。这个是他认为在疫情之后可能会诱发的新一轮“次生灾害现象”。

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    Наступила стадия «критического дна», т.е. взносов от новичков поступало меньше, чем необходимо выплачивать более «старым» клиентам, основатели компании приостановили свою деятельность, а суммы, которые многие годы вносили пайщики, им просто не вернули.

    Life Is Good позиционировала себя как европейская компания, но привлекала в основном Россиян. Кстати, официальный сайт Life is Good переведен сразу на 9 языков. Непонятно для чего это сделано, ведь компания работает только в России, Казахстане и Киргизии. Наверное, поэтому над переводом на английский язык здесь не стали заморачиваться. С первого взгляда видны грубые грамматические ошибки.

    Компания работала в сотрудничестве с еще тремя: Best Way, Hermes Management и Vista.

    Гарантий сохранности денег не давала ни «Лайф-из-гуд», ни «Гермес-менеджмент». Но при этом «Лайф-из-гуд» все же предлагала страхование вложенных денег по оригинальной схеме.

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  • WilliamNab

    Long-lost copy of the US Constitution, found in North Carolina filing cabinet, heads to auction
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    Historical document appraiser and collector Seth Kaller spreads a broad sheet of paper across a desk. It’s in good enough condition that he can handle it, carefully, with clean, bare hands. There are just a few creases and tiny discolorations, even though it’s just a few weeks shy of 237 years old and has spent who knows how long inside a filing cabinet in North Carolina.

    At the top of the first page are familiar words but in regular type instead of the sweeping Gothic script we’re used to seeing: “WE, the People …”

    And the people will get a chance to bid for this copy of the US Constitution — the only of its type thought to be in private hands — at a sale by Brunk Auctions on Sept. 28 in Asheville, North Carolina.
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    This copy was printed after the Constitutional Convention finished drafting the proposed framework of the nation’s government in 1787 and sent it to the Congress of the ineffective first American government under the Articles of Confederation, requesting they send it to the states to be ratified by the people.

    It’s one of about 100 copies printed by the secretary of that Congress, Charles Thomson. Just eight are known to still exist and the other seven are publicly owned.

    2024年9月11日
  • EdwardCew

    Actress Gemma Arterton says director tried to pressure her to do sex scene
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    British actress Gemma Arterton has revealed that a director once tried to put pressure on her to film a sex scene, despite the fact that it wasn’t included in the script.

    In an interview with British publication the Radio Times, released Tuesday, Arterton said that, whilst on set, the director - who hasn’t been named - instructed her and her co-star to film a sex scene on a bed.

    “I said, ‘No, this scene was written for us to be off screen, so you just hear the noises,’” Arterton told the Radio Times. “I’d never have accepted the role if it was going to be filmed.”

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    The actress said that she was pressured by the director to film the scene, but that she “flat out” refused to take part in it.

    Had she been younger at the time, Arterton suggested that she might have been more concerned about being fired for refusing to film it.

    “I only felt like I could say that because I was older,” she said.
    “When I started acting, there was a lot of nudity – you were just expected to do it. When I was younger I played sexy characters, the girlfriend. As I’ve got older, that’s changed because I’m more successful and can choose the parts I want to play,” she said.

    She praised the use of intimacy coordinators in film and television since the #MeToo movement, telling the magazine that “it’s a totally different landscape” now.

    “Anything you’re not comfortable with is not going to happen. I’ve heard other actors that are like, ‘I loved it when there was no intimacy coordinator,’ but I definitely think it’s better,” she said.

    2024年9月11日
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  • BradleyAnces

    National Park calls out ‘world changing’ impact of dropped Cheetos bag
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    Plain water is the only thing visitors are allowed to consume inside the huge cavern at Carlsbad Caverns National Park in New Mexico. Cheetos are a no-go, and the recent park visitor who dropped a bag full of them created a “huge impact” on the cave’s ecosystem, the park said Friday in a Facebook post.

    “At the scale of human perspective, a spilled snack bag may seem trivial, but to the life of the cave it can be world changing,” the park said in its post about the garbage found off-trail in the Big Room.
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    “The processed corn, softened by the humidity of the cave, formed the perfect environment to host microbial life and fungi. Cave crickets, mites, spiders and flies soon organize into a temporary food web, dispersing the nutrients to the surrounding cave and formations. Molds spread higher up the nearby surfaces, fruit, die and stink. And the cycle continues.”

    The park said rangers spent 20 minutes carefully removing molds and foreign debris from surfaces inside the cave, noting that while some members of the ecosystem that rose from the snacks were cave-dwellers “many of the microbial life and molds are not.”
    The post called that particular impact on the cave “completely avoidable,” contrasting it with the hard-to-prevent fine trails of lint left by each visitor.

    “Great or small we all leave an impact wherever we go. Let us all leave the world a better place than we found it,” the post urged park goers.
    The park’s website says that eating and drinking anything other than plain water attracts animals into the cavern.

    Carlsbad Caverns followed up its post about the Cheetos bag with a post about the “leave no trace” principle of disposing of waste properly.

    “Contrary to popular belief, the cave is NOT a big trash can,” the post said, yet rangers pick up waste left behind every day.

    “Sometimes this can be a gum wrapper or a tissue, other times it can unfortunately mean human waste, spit, or chewing tobacco.” Visitors are asked to make sure they don’t leave trash in the cavern and to use designated restrooms.

    2024年9月11日
  • ThomasprOna

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    At a treatment centre in South Kivu province that the BBC visited in the epicentre of the outbreak, they say more patients are arriving every day - especially babies - and there is a shortage of essential equipment.
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    Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
    Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
    “We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
    He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
    “You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
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    The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
    At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
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    Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
    Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
    “We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
    He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
    “You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
    The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
    The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
    At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
    Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
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    Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
    Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
    “We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
    He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
    “You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
    The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
    The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
    At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
    Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
    “You will even see that the patients are sleeping on the floor,” he told me, clearly exasperated.
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    Mpox - formerly known as monkeypox - is a highly contagious disease and has killed at least 635 people in DR Congo this year.
    Even though 200,000 vaccines, donated by the European Commission, were flown into the capital, Kinshasa, last week, they are yet to be transported across this vast country - and it could be several weeks before they reach South Kivu.
    “We've learned from social media that the vaccine is already available,” Emmanuel Fikiri, a nurse working at the clinic that has been turned into a specialist centre to tackle the virus, told the BBC.
    He said this was the first time he had treated patients with mpox and every day he feared catching it and passing it on to his own children - aged seven, five and one.
    “You saw how I touched the patients because that's my job as a nurse. So, we're asking the government to help us by first giving us the vaccines.”
    The reason it will take time to transport the vaccines is that they need to be stored at a precise temperature - below freezing - to maintain their potency, plus they need to be sent to rural areas of South Kivu, like Kamituga, Kavumu and Lwiro, where the outbreak is rife.
    The lack of infrastructure and bad roads mean that helicopters could possibly be used to drop some of the vaccines, which will further drive up costs in a country that is already struggling financially.
    At the community clinic, Dr Pacifique Karanzo appeared fatigued and downbeat having been rushed off his feet all morning.
    Although he wore a face shield, I could see the sweat running down his face. He said he was saddened to see patients sharing beds.
    “You will even see that the patients are sleeping on the floor,” he told me, clearly exasperated.
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  • Danielelomi

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    Kamala Harris and Donald Trump have had a fiery 90-minute debate in Philadelphia - their first of the 2024 US presidential election
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    After shaking hands - it was the first time they had met - the pair debated policy before moving onto more personal attacks

    Harris said people leave Trump rallies early "out of exhaustion and boredom" - he said people don't go to hers in the first place
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    Trump criticised Harris's record on immigration and the border, and also her shifting policy positions - Harris blamed him for "Trump abortion bans" and for the 6 January attacks on the US Capitol

    Snap polls suggest Harris won the debate, but Trump says afterwards that she "lost very badly"

    With the election taking place on 5 November, Harris is slightly ahead in national opinion polls - but polls are very tight in key battleground states

    Shortly after the debate, Taylor Swift endorsed Harris on Instagram, calling her a ''gifted leader''

    2024年9月11日
  • EddieCok

    Summary
    Kamala Harris and Donald Trump have had a fiery 90-minute debate in Philadelphia - their first of the 2024 US presidential election
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    After shaking hands - it was the first time they had met - the pair debated policy before moving onto more personal attacks

    Harris said people leave Trump rallies early "out of exhaustion and boredom" - he said people don't go to hers in the first place
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    Trump criticised Harris's record on immigration and the border, and also her shifting policy positions - Harris blamed him for "Trump abortion bans" and for the 6 January attacks on the US Capitol

    Snap polls suggest Harris won the debate, but Trump says afterwards that she "lost very badly"

    With the election taking place on 5 November, Harris is slightly ahead in national opinion polls - but polls are very tight in key battleground states

    Shortly after the debate, Taylor Swift endorsed Harris on Instagram, calling her a ''gifted leader''

    2024年9月11日
  • DonaldVow

    Summary
    Kamala Harris and Donald Trump have had a fiery 90-minute debate in Philadelphia - their first of the 2024 US presidential election
    <a href=https://kra4.cfd>kra4.gl</a>
    After shaking hands - it was the first time they had met - the pair debated policy before moving onto more personal attacks

    Harris said people leave Trump rallies early "out of exhaustion and boredom" - he said people don't go to hers in the first place
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    Trump criticised Harris's record on immigration and the border, and also her shifting policy positions - Harris blamed him for "Trump abortion bans" and for the 6 January attacks on the US Capitol

    Snap polls suggest Harris won the debate, but Trump says afterwards that she "lost very badly"

    With the election taking place on 5 November, Harris is slightly ahead in national opinion polls - but polls are very tight in key battleground states

    Shortly after the debate, Taylor Swift endorsed Harris on Instagram, calling her a ''gifted leader''

    2024年9月11日
  • Walterjah

    Summary
    Kamala Harris and Donald Trump have had a fiery 90-minute debate in Philadelphia - their first of the 2024 US presidential election
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    After shaking hands - it was the first time they had met - the pair debated policy before moving onto more personal attacks

    Harris said people leave Trump rallies early "out of exhaustion and boredom" - he said people don't go to hers in the first place
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    Trump criticised Harris's record on immigration and the border, and also her shifting policy positions - Harris blamed him for "Trump abortion bans" and for the 6 January attacks on the US Capitol

    Snap polls suggest Harris won the debate, but Trump says afterwards that she "lost very badly"

    With the election taking place on 5 November, Harris is slightly ahead in national opinion polls - but polls are very tight in key battleground states

    Shortly after the debate, Taylor Swift endorsed Harris on Instagram, calling her a ''gifted leader''

    2024年9月11日